'If We Can't Ask Questions, What Can We Do': Ravish Kumar On NDTV India Ban

गौहत्या पर विवाद, धर्म संवेदनशीलता या तमाशा?

सबसे पहले मैं ये दो लिंक शेयर कर रहा हूँ, इन्हें गायों पे खून-खराबा करने वाले लोग पढ़ें और फैसला करें की आज के भारत में नेताओं और धर्म गुरुओं के बहकावे में आकर हत्या या किसी एक समुदाय से नफरत करना सही है या दिमाग से काम लेना?

१. Plastic bag threat more serious than atom bomb: Supreme Court

२. 30-kg plastic can be found in every dead cow/buffalo in India

पहली खबर में उच्चतम न्यायलय ने व्यवस्था को कड़े शब्दों में फटकार लगाकर पूछा है की प्लास्टिक से बनी थैलियों पर अभी तक पूरी तरह से रोक क्यों नहीं लग पा रही? गौरतलब है की माननीय न्यायलय ने कुछ समाजिक संस्थाओं के PIL पर फैसला देते हुए ये कहा था. PIL में गाय के पेट से कई किलोग्राम प्लास्टिक की थैली पाये जाने पर इसे एटम बम से भी खतरनाक बताया था, क्योकि इससे गायों की दर्दनाक तरीके से मौत हुई थी और आगे भी होती रहेगी बशर्ते हम खुद इस कानून पर अमल करें. आगे दूसरी खबर में सरकार ने एक रिपोर्ट जारी कर ये कहा था की औसतन ३० किलोग्राम प्लास्टिक भारत में मरे गाय या भैंस में पाया जाता है। देश में कानून तो बने हैं पर उनपे अमल करना जनता का काम है, जो की जनता नहीं कर रही हाँ पर गाय और सुवर पर बन रहे नफरत के विडिओ को दोनों ही समुदाय व्हाट्सएप्प और फेसबुक पर साँझा करने में तनिक नहीं हिचक रही। अच्छे खासे और पढेलिखे नौजवानों को न जाने कौन सा भूत सवार हो जाता है जो वे धर्म व जाति-पाति के नाम पर मिनटों में मरने मारने को तैयार हो जाते हैं।

लिखने से पहले मन में एक ही बात आ रही थी, जैसा की एक हिंदी फिल्म में भी कहा था की इस देश में धार्मिक विचारधारा के खिलाफ कुछ भी बोलोगे तो तुम्हें त्रिशूल घुसा हुआ मिलेगा। मुझे भी लगा था की ठीक है अगर आस्था का सवाल है तो उसपर प्रश्नचिन्ह लगाना उचित तो नहीं। मगर हाल के दिनों में जिस तरह का मंज़र इस देश में बन रहा है उसपर अब सवाल उठेंगे पूरी दुनिया पूछेगी आज मैं भी पूछ रहा हूँ की क्या हम केवल किसी एक धर्म की नुमाइंदे ही हैं? क्या उससे पहले एक इंसान नहीं हैं? क्या हमारी महान तथा प्राचीन संस्कृति हमें यही सिखाती आई है की नफरत के बदले नफरत फैलाओ? क्या गंगा-जमुना की तहज़ीब  जिसे कह कर हम बड़े खुश होते हैं इतनी कमज़ोर एकता के बारे में है? क्या भारत का निर्माण इसी अनेकता में एकता के नाम पर हुआ था? क्या देश का संविधान जो की इस देश को धर्म निरपेक्ष राष्ट्र की संज्ञा देता है और हमें आपसी भाईचारा और सौहार्द बनाये रखने की अपील करता है,सांप्रदायिक बातों को बढ़ावा देकर हम उसकी अवहेलना नहीं कर रहे?

हम सभी के पास इन प्रश्नों का उत्तर है मगर क्या करें बीच में 'लेकिन' लग जाता है। कहेंगे आप की बात सही है 'लेकिन उन्होंने', 'लेकिन पहले उन्होंने','लेकिन आपको असलियत नहीं पता' लेकिन ये तो लेकिन वो। इस समृद्ध समाज में हम बच्चों की तरह बातें करने लग जाते हैं, बचपन में भाई-बहनों से झगड़ते थे तो माँ से शिकायत करते थे की 'लेकिन उसने ऐसा किया वैसा किया' बस वैसा ही कुछ मंजर है आजकल, समाज उनके सोये हुए सौहार्द को जगाता है या कोशिश भी करता है तो ये सब समझते हुए भी बीच में ये 'लेकिन' को ला देंगे। याद आता है की बचपन में माँ समझाती थी जाने दो वो तुम्हारा छोटा भाई है और छोटे से कहती की वो बड़ा भाई है बात को जाने दो। माँ को हमेशा से पता था की अगर मेरे बच्चे एक हैं तभी जीवन में कामयाब हैं, अगर नहीं हैं तो न ही परिवार है और न समाज में इज़्ज़त है। अब कौन बनेगा इन बड़े-बड़े और दिमागी रूप से स्वस्थ्य बच्चों की माँ फिर उन्हें समझायेगा की देश और देश की इज़्ज़त एकता, भाई-चारा तथा आपसी सौहार्द में ही है।आज दुनिया हम पर हंस रही है।

ये अकेला किस्सा नहीं है,ऐसे बहुत सारे मौके आये हैं जब हम सब ने इस देश को दुनिया के नज़रो में कलंकित किया है और दुनिया वालों को हम पर हंसने का मौका दिया है। मैंने हम सब इसलिए कहा क्यूंकि हम सभी लोग इसमें बराबर के हिस्सेदार हैं, साम्प्रदायिकता के खिलाफ चुप रहना भी उसे बढ़ावा देना है और हम सब किसी न किसी रूप में उसे बढ़ावा ही देते हैं, चाहे वह व्हाट्सएप्प हो या कोई भी सोशल मीडिया साइट हो। आशा करता हूँ की अगली बार ऐसे सांप्रदायिक मेसेजेस तथा पोस्ट को आप नज़रअंदाज़ नहीं करेंगे और शायद भेजने वाले को कड़े से कड़ा सन्देश देंगे। नहीं तो आप ज़िम्मेदार हैं भारत का हर एक नागरिक ज़िम्मेदार है चाहे वो दादरी हो या बाबरी फिर वो गोधरा हो या मुज़फ्फरनगर नुकसान आप सब का होगा पूरे देश का होगा।

  

Falling Into a Black Hole, How Does It Feel? 

Many scientists believe that anything sent into a black hole would probably be destroyed. But a new study suggests that this might not be the case after all.

The research says that, rather than being devoured, a person falling into a black hole would actually be absorbed into a hologram – without even noticing. The paper challenges a rival theory stating that anybody falling into a black hole hits a “firewall” and is immediately destroyed.

Hawking’s Black Holes

Forty years ago Stephen Hawking shocked the scientific establishment with his discovery that black holes aren’t really black. Classical physics implies that anything falling through the horizon of a black hole can never escape. But Hawking showed that black holes continually emit radiation once quantum effects are taken into account. Unfortunately, for typical astrophysical black holes, the temperature of this radiation is far lower than that of the cosmic microwave background, meaning detecting them is beyond current technology.

Hawking’s calculations are perplexing. If a black hole continually emits radiation, it will continually lose mass – eventually evaporating. Hawking realized that this implied a paradox: if a black hole can evaporate, the information about it will be lost forever. This means that even if we could measure the radiation from a black hole we could never figure out how it was originally formed. This violates an important rule of quantum mechanics that states information cannot be lost or created.

Another way to look at this is that Hawking radiation poses a problem with determinism for black holes. Determinism implies that the state of the universe at any given time is uniquely determined from its state at any other time. This is how we can trace its evolution both astronomically and mathematically though quantum mechanics.

Holograms in Space

This means that the loss of determinism would have to arise from reconciling quantum mechanics with Einstein’s theory of gravity – a notoriously hard problem and ultimate goal for many physicists. Black hole physics provides a test for any potential quantum gravity theory. Whatever your theory is, it must explain what happens to the information recording a black hole’s history.

It took two decades for scientists to come up with a solution. They suggested that the information stored in a black hole is proportional to its surface area (in two dimensions) rather than its volume (in three dimensions). This could be explained by quantum gravity, where the three dimensions of space could be reconstructed from a two-dimensional world without gravity – much like a hologram. Shortly afterwards, string theory, the most studied theory of quantum gravity, was shown to be holographic in this way.

Using holography we can describe the evaporation of the black hole in the two-dimensional world without gravity, for which the usual rules of quantum mechanics apply. This process is deterministic, with small imperfections in the radiation encoding the history of the black hole. So holography tells us that information is not lost in black holes, but tracking down the flaw in Hawking’s original arguments has been surprisingly hard.

Fuzzballs Versus Firewalls

But exactly what the black holes described by quantum theory look like is harder to work out. In 2003, Samir Mathur proposed that black holes are in fact fuzzballs, in which there is no sharp horizon. Quantum fluctuations around the horizon region record the information about the hole’s history and thus Mathur’s proposal resolves the information loss paradox. However the idea has been criticized since it implies that somebody falling into a fuzzball has a very different experience to somebody falling into a black hole descried by Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

The general relativity description of black holes suggests that once you go past the event horizon, the surface of a black hole, you can go deeper and deeper. As you do, space and time become warped until they reach a point called the “singularity” at which point the laws of physics cease to exist. (Although in reality, you would be die pretty early on on this journey as you are pulled apart by intense tidal forces).

In Mathur’s universe, however, there is nothing beyond the fuzzy event horizon. Currently, a rival theory in quantum gravity is that anybody falling into a black hole hits a “firewall” and is immediately destroyed. The firewall proposal has been criticized since (like fuzzballs) firewalls have drastically different behavior at the horizon than general relativity black holes.

But Mathur argues that to an outside observer, somebody falling into a fuzzball looks almost the same as somebody falling into an Einstein black hole, even though those falling in have very different experiences. Others working on firewalls and fuzzballs may well feel that these arguments rely on properties of the example he used. Mathur used an explicit description of a very special kind of fuzzball to make his arguments. Such special fuzzballs are probably very different to the fuzzballs needed to describe realistic astrophysical black holes.

The debate about what actually happens when one falls into a black hole will probably continue for some time to come. The key question to understand is not whether the horizon region is reconstructed as a hologram – but exactly how this happens.

Earth orbit The Sun, is it true?

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'Earth orbit our Sun', is it true?

You were taught that Earth and other planets in our solar system orbit the sun, and that our solar system orbits the center of the Milky Way. Is it possible that your science teacher had it wrong? Is everything you’ve learned about physics and gravity incorrect?

THE EARTH DOESN’T ACTUALLY ORBIT THE SUN?

Let me first start by saying that for all practical purposes, what you were taught isn’t entirely wrong. The Earth does in fact orbit the sun. In the strictest sense, however, it doesn’t.

“But how can this be?”, you might ask. It’s been tested, verified and is common knowledge. It’s one of the first science lessons taught to kids in high school. How can our fundamental understanding of the solar system be wrong? Well, it’s actually due to a technicality.

Everything that has mass has gravity. The more massive something is, the more gravity it has. The sun and other planets all each have their own “gravity well” which interact and pull on one another. Because there are several different gravity wells interacting with each other, it means that everything in an orbital system (like our solar system) orbit the center of mass of the system. This center of mass is called the barycenter. The Earth, the sun and everything else in our solar system actually orbit this barycenter – not the sun.

WHERE IS THE BARYCENTER?

In a single star system like ours, most of the time (but not always), the barycenter is located somewhere within the star itself. However, most barycenters continuously change as massive objects (like planets) orbit a star.

If an unusual alignment happens where a large percentage of mass is on one side of the star, the barycenter can exist outside of the star’s radius. In cases of two star systems, the barycenter will be located between the two stars. If the stars aren’t of the same mass, it will be closer to the heavier, or more massive one.

Bonus Fact: The Earth doesn’t even orbit where the barycenter currently is. It orbits where it was roughly eight minutes ago. If the sun suddenly vanished, we would continue to our orbit it for another 8 minutes before shooting off on some random tangent because gravity isn’t instantaneous – it propagates at roughly the speed of light.

What If The Sun Disappeared?

Video curtsy:Vsauce

The Earth's orbit around the Sun has many interesting characteristics. First, the speed of our orbit is 108,000 km/h. The planet travels 940 million km during one orbit.

FUN FACTS ABOUT OUR SUN

Curtsy:Ziobits.com

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Universe and Unknown Dimensions.

IQ Test for Free

Jab universe ko jannne ki koshish me mai pichle 5-6 mahino se internet aur kuch kitabo ko khangaal raha tha, tab mujhe kuch ehsaas hua ki pehle ise duri ke chasme se dekhna hoga. 

HOW FAR OUR UNIVERSE IS?

Pata nahi! Shayad hamare paas napne ke liye paimane na bache. Hubble Telescope ne kai jankariya di hai hume laga jaise sara universe hi explore kar liya, par jab maine 15 din lagatar hubble ke dwara jutayi gayi jankariyo ko puri tarah se samajhne ke baad kuch natije par pahuch aya tha ki tabhi ye pata chala ki maine to kuch hi Arcsec ke angle me space ka adhyayan kiya hai. 
Hubble telescope ko 10 dino tak ek hi disha me ya kahe ek hi angle me focus kiya gaya vo angle kuch aise tha-
Maan le ek analog watch(Diwal Ghadi) pura universe hai aur uske ek second ke bich ke angle ya kon ko target kiya gaya tha, ye mera anuman bas samjhane ke liye tha asaliyat me to ye paimana usse bhi kam hai. Hum jo kuch solar system aur galaxies(akash ganga) ke bare me jante hai bas usi angle me hai. Universe to bas ye kahe ki is dimension me(3D) iska maapan kar pana bahut hi mushkil hai.

Hubble Ultra Deep field Area.

Fir bhi mai ise samjhane ki koshish karunga jaha tak hamara science samajh paya hai. Iske liye aapko in pramukh binduo ko samajhna bahut avashyak hai.

Cluster- Kai Taaro ka samuh 
Super Cluster- Kai Galaxies ka samuh
Galaxies- Kai Clusters ka samuh
Solar System- Kai Graho ke samuh 

Ab apni yatra shuru karte hai, sabse pehle maan lijiye ek ped hai jiski kai tehniya hai agar aap Christmas tree ko sochenge to sahi tarike se samajh payenge. Vo ped kai chote chote dots se bana hai. Us ped ki ek picture lijiye aur picture ki resolution kam se kam 1 billion mega pixel honi chahiye. Ab uske tasvir ki ek pixel aur ek super cluster dono barabar hai fir us pixel yani super cluster ko mega level pe zoom kare to hame lakho ya karono galaxies dikh jayengi phir kisi galaxy pe focus karte hai, chaliye apni galaxy jisme humara solar system hai use hi lete hai Milkyway galaxy. Maxamize karne par hume lakho clusters milenge joki center me ek super giant blackhole jise Galactic core bhi kehte he ki dhimi gati se chakkar laga rahe hai aur usiki gravity me bandhe hue hai. 



Ab is galaxy ke mukhya do arms yani bhujaye hai bake sari sub- arms yani in do bhujao ke bich ka hissa hai. Hairat ki baat ye hai ki humara solar system ek sub arm me hai na ki main arms me. Jise hum Orion Spur kehte hai, is chote se arm me lakho clusters hai aur unme se ek cluster humara local cluster hai jinme tarah tarah ke nebula(stars ke explosion se bana gas ka bada baadal) aur hazaro ki sankhya me solar systems hai.

Nebula

Ab unme hamara solar system hai, yaha ye janna dilchasp hoga ki is local cluster me ek star se dusre star ki duri kitni hai. Iske liye hume space me maap ke kuch paimano ko jaan lena avashyak hoga-

1 Light Year=Approximately 10 trillion km (a light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year).

1 AU(Astronomical Unit)=149 597 871 km (Distance from Sun to earth)

1 Parsec=3.26 light years or 31 trillion km (A parsec is the distance from the Sun to an astronomical object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond).

Ab shuru karte hai apne hi solar system yani saur manadal ki yatra, hum sabhi jante hai saur mandal me 8 planet yani ki 8 grah hai par hum ye nahi jante ki dwarf planets yani ki jinhe graho ki shreni(class) me nahi rakha ja sakta aise bhi planets bahut hai. Udahran ke taur par pluto(Yum Grah) ko dekh lete hai surya ke chakkar vo bhi lagata hai duri itni ki New Horizon naam ka ab tak ka sabse tez space probe jiski speed 58,536 km/h thi aur use 19 january 2006 me earth se bheja gaya tha vo ab jakar 14 june 2015 me pluto ke paas se gujra hai. 

New Horizons fly by of Pluto

Pluto ko planet is liye ni maan sakte kyuki ye bahut hi chota hai humare chandrama se bhi. Pluto ko Kuiper belt object bhi kehte hai kyuki iske jaise aur bhi dworf planet aur asteroid maujud hai humara saur mandal lagbhag 50 AU ke axis yani vyas me kuiper cliff tak hai par ise bhi akhiri chor nahi mana gaya hai. Yaha ye bhi bata dena dilchasp hoga ki sun se earth ki duri 1 AU ke barabar hai agar aap pluto se suraj ko dekhenge to vo aisa dikhayi dega jaise ki 10 sunglasses ek sath lagane pe humare earth se sun dikhayi de.

Kuiper Belt

1977 me Voyager 1 aur Voyager 2 space probes ko apne solar system se bahar bhejne ke liye earth se bheja gaya karib 35 saalo baad ek probe intersteller space yani solar system se bahar pahuchne me kamyaab raha ye hua 2012 me. Is yatra me usne hume ek mahatvapurna jankari di vo thi Heliosphere ke bare me joki Kuiper Belt jise hum solar system ka akhiri chor samajhte the usse bhi kai AU ki duri par hai ye sphere bahari antariksh se humare solar system ko bachata hai aur ek bubble ki tarah vyavhaar karta hai. Voyager jab Neptune yani ki varun grah ko paar kar raha tha to vaha se usne prithvi ki ek tasvir li jisme ye mahan dharti bas ek chota sa dot bhar hi thi.

A picture taken by Voyager1 from 6 trillion km away.

Ab hum aapko batate hai sabse najdiki tare ke bare me yani apne sun se kisi dusre sun ki duri. Sabse nazdiki tara ya solar system hai Alpha Centauri jiski duri karib 4.4 Light Years earth se hai. Yani agar hum light ki speed jo ki 300000 km/s hai se jaye to bhi 4 saal se upar ka vaqt gujar chuka hoga. Ye solar system asal me tripple solar system hai jisme teen sun hai jo ek dusre ke chakkar lagate hai. Ji ha humara sun single solar system hai, par ek se jyada sun vale solar system bhi hai.

Alpha Centauri's three suns.

Aasmaan me jo tare hum apni akho se dekh pate he unme se jyadatar humare local cluster ka hissa hai, to anuman lagaiye ki asal me ye Milky Way kitna bada hoga. Hum to abhi tak is milky way ke adhe hisse ko hi explore kar paye hai galactic core yani is milky way ke us paar kya hai ye hume mushkil hi pata hai. 
Milky way galaxy ki hi tarah karono galaxies milkar ek super cluster banati hai. 
Ab inhe kaise naapa jaye ye ek badi chunauti hai.



Universe is the object of Other Dimension

Mere avlokan ke hisaab se is universe ya bramhaand ko is dimension yani parimap me dekhna galat hoga humari duniya ek 3rd dimension ki duniya hai jaha keval lambai,chaudai aur uchai ko hi maapa ja sakta hai. Par space me aisa nahi hai aur use samajhne ke liye 3D se upar yani ki Unknown Dimensions ko smajhna hoga. Misaal ke taur par theories me wormholes ki baat ko space me sambhav mana gaya hai yaha tak ki hum blackholes ke bicho bich me pahuchne par bhi spaghitification ki baat karte hai jaha kisi unknown dimension me hum kuch der ke liye jhaank sakte hai. Agar wormholes ki hi baat kare to iski madad se hum universe ke ek chor se dusre chor pe pahuch sakte hai. Ye vaise hi hai jaise kisi ne kagaj ke ek panne ke chor ko dusre chor se panne ko mod kar mila diya ho. Agar aisa hai to 3rd dimension me ye wormholes possible nahi hai. 

Wormhole Model

Humne upar pure universe ko samjhne ki koshish ki par ek kadvi sacchai aur bhi hai ki ye jo hum arbo tare aur akash gangaon(galaxies) ki bate kar rahe the in sabhi ko agar mila bhi de to ye universe ka keval 5% hi hai baki universe to khali hai isi liye ise space kehte hai aur kariban 24% hissa aise padarth yani matter se bhara hua hai jise hum dekh nahi sakte qki isme koi light nahi hai par mass hai, ise kehte hai Dark Matter. Bahut kuch hai space me explore karne ko isiliye Einstien ne kaha tha ki universe ek andhere kamre ki tarah hai ek chote se hisse me ujala hota hai to hume ehsaas hota hai ki abhi to bahut sare hisse se andhkar mitana baki hai.